1. What is Red
Mud?
Red mud can not be disposed of easily for its environmental pollutions and hazards. Major impurities in red mud are the oxides of iron, silica and titanium, and other elements such as zinc, phosphorous, nickel and vanadium, which are not dissolved to any significant degree. While there is growing interest in recovering and utilizing red mud.
Red mud (bauxite tailings, bauxite residues) is a solid waste product of the Bayer
process to provide alumina. About 1-3 tones of red mud is generated
for each tones of alumina, the ratio depends on bauxite ores.
Red mud reservoirs
Red mud can not be disposed of easily for its environmental pollutions and hazards. Major impurities in red mud are the oxides of iron, silica and titanium, and other elements such as zinc, phosphorous, nickel and vanadium, which are not dissolved to any significant degree. While there is growing interest in recovering and utilizing red mud.
Process Al2O3 SiO2
Fe2O3 CaO Na2O K2O TiO2
|
Sinter 5.40 21.60 9.40 45.6
2.1 0.8 2.50
Bayer 17.21 12.04 23.07 14.9 4.0 1.0
5.46
|
Composition of Red Mud (Average data in China
Area of
Application
Construction
Materials
|
Brick, tiles, concrete etc.
|
Environmental
Governance
|
exhaust waste
water treatment, soil amendment
|
Recovery
|
Aluminum, Iron etc.
|
Ceramics and
Refractory
|
Glass,
ceramics, pottery
|
Plastics
Production
|
|
Filling
Materials
|
|
Chemical
Catalyst
|
|
……
|
|
However,
troubles like high cost, high consumption, technology troubles and low benefits
still exit. The vast majority of red mud is stored in tailing ponds, impacting
the local environment and causing security risks (2010 Ajka alumina plant accident).
This photo from October 9, 2010, shows the damaged reservoirnear an alumina plant, seen from the air in Kolontar, Hungary
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